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The first thing you need for this to work is stored translations. You can define custom location fields for the name in each supported language, for example:
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Now that you have a suitable nodeset, you can set up a lookup table to reference it. Add a new lookup table question and edit the lookup table. Drag the repeat group used to make your nodeset into the "Query Expression" field. It should look something like "/data/locations/item" (*Note: it must start with "/data/". The #form/ syntax will throw an error.) Leave the Instance ID and Instance URI fields blank. Then set the Value Field to "@id", and the Display Text Field to "name", or whatever field in your nodeset you want to display. That's it! Your lookup table question should now use the nodeset described above, with translated names.